A multi-scale analysis framework of different methods used in establishing ecological networks

Ecological networks (ENs) can bridge the paradox between conservation and development. Although many useful methods can be applied to establish ENs, their differences in spatial outputs and scale applicability need to be examined as landscape planners and policymakers start including implementation concerns. Dividing Jiangsu into three scales (i.e., provincial, city cluster, and city scale), we comparatively analyzed the spatial consistency of the structure-oriented, function-oriented and integration-oriented methods in establishing three types of ENs (i.e., SENs, FENs and IENs), and comprehensively assessed their scale applicability under specific goals in improving network connectivity, optimizing landscape pattern and maintaining ecosystem services value (ESV). Our results show that the consistency of the three methods in identifying spatially priorities of protection ranged from 81.03% to 93.70%. A structure-oriented method to establish SENs had applicability in improving network connectivity despite scale changes, while an integration-oriented method to establish IENs had the advantages of forming an ecological space with low fragmentation, high complexity and dominance, and maintaining the maximum ESV, relatively. We discussed the speciality of each method performed at each scale and suggested the possible trade-offs of decision-making in landscape planning which would be complicated during scale changes. Thus, although the applicable method could be selected under clear goals/orientations, its applicability would be limited to different contexts and observational scales. The seemingly inconsistent results could be used synergistically to promote ENs implementation across scales under inclusive decision-making. The developed multi-scale analysis framework and study results can provide new insights to incorporate ENs into landscape planning practice.