Systematic evaluation of decentralized thermal treatment of rural solid waste: Status, challenges, and perspectives

Rural solid waste (RSW) management in emerging economies is crucial in both improving the environment of rural areas and balancing the urban-rural disparity. The lack of capacity for RSW treatment and high cost of waste collection caused by long travelling distances contributed to the implementation and development of decentralized thermal treatment facilities (DTTFs) as a supplement to centralized facilities. Using China as a typical emerging economy for case study, this paper provides systematic evaluations of the rationality, performances, and challenges of decentralized thermal treatment in the context of RSW management development. The analysis results show that the operation performances of DTTFs, including the stability of reactors and the grade of syngas, are less satisfying in spite of the positive intention of their applications. Meanwhile, the emissions of CO, NOx, SO2 and PCDD/Fs varied depending on whether the syngas was combusted and the complexity of air pollution control devices (APCDs). The emissions of some DTTFs were unable to meet the national standard. Therefore, technological and managerial measures should be taken to improve the status of DTTFs. Waste sorting, operation optimization and proper APCDs are suggested, and the promotion of financial support, supervisory monitoring and training courses are important for the sustainability of RSW treatment.