Theoretical investigation on the Hollow Gaussian beams propagating in atmospheric turbulent

The effects of atmospheric turbulence on the propagation of Hollow Gaussian beams (HGBs) within the regime of weak fluctuations have been investigated using the paraxial approximation and the Rytov theory. The statistical moments, the scintillation index, the probability of fade, and the duration of fade are studied analytically and numerically. The numerical results show that these parameters depend on the beam order n, the spot size w0, the refractive index structure parameter n, and the wavelength λ.