Thermodynamic, environmental and economic analyses of photovoltaic/thermal-thermoelectric generator system using single and hybrid particle nanofluids

In the present study, the thermodynamic, environmental, and economic analyses are conducted on photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) and photovoltaic/thermal-thermoelectric generator (PV/T-TEG) systems. The water, single particle Al2O3 and hybrid Al2O3/Cu nanofluids with spherical (Sp) and oblate spheroid (OS) shaped nanoparticles are considered as heat transfer fluids in both systems. A transient three-dimensional coupled numerical model is developed to investigate the behavior of PV/T and PV/T-TEG systems under the temperature oceanic ambient conditions of Calicut, India. The results reveal that the PV/T-TEG system shows superior performance compared to PV/T system. The energy, exergy, environmental and economic performances are superior for Al2O3/Cu nanofluid followed by Al2O3 nanofluid and water in decreasing order and those are superior for OS shaped nanoparticles compared to Sp shaped nanoparticles for both systems. The PV/T-TEG system with Al2O3/Cu-OS nanofluid is evaluated as the best configuration with total electrical power, thermal power, electrical and thermal energy efficiencies, electrical and thermal exergy efficiencies, net CO2 mitigation, carbon credit, SOx, NOx and PM emission reductions, levelized cost of energy (LCOE), energy payback time and profit of 215.73 W, 170.30 W, 23.89%, 24.86%, 25.19%, 0.305%, 42.53 tons, 1056.90 $, 825.69 kg, 413.23 kg, 86.04 kg, 0.04945 $/kWh, 2.57 years and 15719.07 $, respectively.