Low oxygen concentration improves yak oocyte maturation and inhibits apoptosis through HIF‐1 and VEGF

Abstract The gas‐phase environment of in vitro culture system plays an important role in the development of oocytes, and oxygen concentration is one of the important factors. In the present study, we aimed to explore the effect of different oxygen concentrations (20%, 10%, 5% or 1% O 2 ) in yak oocyte maturation and to detect the expression of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cell apoptosis in yak COCs. First, the maturation rate of oocytes, cleavage rate and blastocysts rate following parthenogenetic activation in the group with 5% oxygen concentration were significantly higher ( p < .05) than the other groups. Then, TUNEL analysis showed that the 5% oxygen concentration group significantly inhibited apoptosis of cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) compared to the other group, and the transcription and protein levels of pro‐apoptotic factor Bax, HIF‐1α and VEGF in yak COCs significantly reduced, while anti‐apoptotic factor Bcl‐2 significantly increased. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining results indicated that HIF‐1α protein was mainly located in theca follicle interna, mural follicular stratum granulosum, corona radiata and ovarian stroma in the follicular ovarian tissue, while VEGF protein was mainly located in the granulosa and theca cell layers. In summary, our findings demonstrate that 5% oxygen concentration may promote maturation and inhibit apoptosis of oocytes through HIF‐1α‐mediated VEGF expression.