Kinetics of RNA Degradation by Specific Base Catalysis of Transesterification Involving the 2‘-Hydroxyl Group

A detailed understanding of the susceptibility of RNA phosphodiesters to specific base-catalyzed cleavage is necessary to approximate the stability of RNA under various conditions. In addition, quantifying the rate enhancements that can be produced exclusively by this common cleavage mechanism is needed to fully interpret the mechanisms employed by ribonucleases and by RNA-cleaving ribozymes. Chimeric DNA/RNA oligonucleotides were used to examine the rates of hydroxide-dependent degradation of RNA phosphodiesters under reaction conditions that simulate those of biological systems. Under neutral or alkaline pH conditions, the dominant pathway for RNA degradation is an internal phosphoester transfer reaction that is promoted by specific base catalysis. As expected, increasing the concentration of hydroxide ion, increasing the concentration of divalent magnesium, or raising the temperature accelerates strand scission. In most instances, the identities of the nucleotide bases that flank the target RNA linkage have a negligible effect on the pKa of the nucleophilic 2'-hydroxyl group, and only have a minor effect on the maximum rate constant for the transesterification reaction. Under representative physiological conditions, specific base catalysis of RNA cleavage generates a maximum rate enhancement of ∼100 000-fold over the background rate of RNA transesterification. The kinetic parameters reported herein provide theoretical limits for the stability of RNA polymers and for the proficiency of RNA-cleaving enzymes and enzyme mimics that exclusively employ a mechanism of general base catalysis.