Role of Long Non-coding RNAs in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases are a diverse group of diseases that are now one of the leading causes of morbidity in the elderly population. These diseases include Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), etc. Although these diseases have a common characteristic feature of progressive neuronal loss from various parts of the brain, they differ in the clinical symptoms and risk factors, leading to the development and progression of the diseases. AD is a neurological condition that leads to dementia and cognitive decline due to neuronal cell death in the brain, whereas PD is a movement disorder affecting neuro-motor function and develops due to the death of the dopaminergic neurons in the brain, resulting in decreased dopamine levels. Currently, the only treatment available for these neurodegenerative diseases involves reducing the rate of progression of neuronal loss. This necessitates the development of efficient early biomarkers and effective therapies for these diseases. Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) belong to a large family of non-coding transcripts with a minimum length of 200 nucleotides. They are implied to be involved in the development of the brain, a variety of diseases, and epigenetic, transcriptional, and posttranscriptional levels of gene regulation. Aberrant expression of lncRNAs in the CNS is considered to play a major role in the development and progression of AD and PD, two of the most leading causes of morbidity among elderly populations. In this mini-review, we discuss the role of various long non-coding RNAs in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, which can further be studied for the development of potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for various neurodegenerative diseases.