Dispersion characteristics of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in graphene–chiral–graphene waveguide

The theoretical analysis of hybrid surface plasmon polaritons in a planar waveguide filled with chiral material surrounded by graphene layers is presented in this manuscript. The Kobo formula is used to calculate the graphene's conductivity and Maxwell's equation in differential form is used to solve the analytical problem. It is demonstrated that graphene's parameters relaxation time as well as chemical potential and chirality strength can be used to modulate the resonance surface plasmon frequencies for the proposed structure. The characteristic curve, normalized propagation constant, attenuation phase constant or propagation loss, propagation length, and normalized field distribution for graphene–chiral–graphene interfaces are examined numerically. The presented work based on plasmonics theory provides new possibilities for the design of more compact nanophotonic devices due to graphene's extra degree of freedom compared to other metals.