The Impact of the Tumor Microenvironment on Macrophage Polarization in Cancer Metastatic Progression

转移 肿瘤微环境 巨噬细胞极化 癌症研究 炎症 肿瘤进展 原发性肿瘤 生物 免疫系统 巨噬细胞 癌症 重编程 肿瘤发生 M2巨噬细胞 免疫学 细胞 体外 生物化学 遗传学
作者
Huogang Wang,Mingo M. H. Yung,Hextan Ys Ngan,Ki Chan,David W. Chan
出处
期刊:International Journal of Molecular Sciences [MDPI AG]
卷期号:22 (12): 6560-6560 被引量:82
标识
DOI:10.3390/ijms22126560
摘要

Rather than primary solid tumors, metastasis is one of the hallmarks of most cancer deaths. Metastasis is a multistage event in which cancer cells escape from the primary tumor survive in the circulation and disseminate to distant sites. According to Stephen Paget’s “Seed and Soil” hypothesis, metastatic capacity is determined not only by the internal oncogenic driving force but also by the external environment of tumor cells. Throughout the body, macrophages are required for maintaining tissue homeostasis, even in the tumor milieu. To fulfill these multiple functions, macrophages are polarized from the inflammation status (M1-like) to anti-inflammation status (M2-like) to maintain the balance between inflammation and regeneration. However, tumor cell-enforced tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) (a high M2/M1 ratio status) are associated with poor prognosis for most solid tumors, such as ovarian cancer. In fact, clinical evidence has verified that TAMs, representing up to 50% of the tumor mass, exert both protumor and immunosuppressive effects in promoting tumor metastasis through secretion of interleukin 10 (IL10), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), and VEGF, expression of PD-1 and consumption of arginine to inhibit T cell anti-tumor function. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which the tumor microenvironment favors reprogramming of macrophages to TAMs to establish a premetastatic niche remain controversial. In this review, we examine the latest investigations of TAMs during tumor development, the microenvironmental factors involved in macrophage polarization, and the mechanisms of TAM-mediated tumor metastasis. We hope to dissect the critical roles of TAMs in tumor metastasis, and the potential applications of TAM-targeted therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment are discussed.
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