Histopathological changes in tear-secreting tissues and cornea in a mouse model of autoimmune disease

The tear film covers the cornea, and its abnormalities (including immunological) induce dry eye. Using autoimmune disease model mice, BXSB/MpJ- Yaa (BXSB-Yaa), histopathological changes in the eye and tear-secreting tissues were examined using histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy at 8, 20, and 28 weeks for early, middle, and late disease stages. Early and middle stage BXSB-Yaa showed increased serum autoantibody and spleen weight-to-body weight (S/B) ratio, respectively, and higher tear volume than controls, BXSB/MpJ (BXSB), at early stages, which decreased with ageing and negatively correlated with autoimmune disease indices. Smaller Meibomian gland acini, intraorbital lacrimal glands, and Harderian gland acinar cells were seen in late stage BXSB-Yaa than in BXSB; the latter two indices decreased with ageing and negatively correlated with the S/B ratio. Cell infiltration occurred in the middle stage BXSB-Yaa extraorbital lacrimal gland, and acinar cells were smaller than BXSB. The conjunctival goblet cells decreased from early to middle stages in both strains, but in BXSB-Yaa, they increased at late stages with a partial lack of microvilli on the cornea and were inversely altered with anterior epithelium thickness through ageing, suggesting that they compensated for anterior epithelium damage. In conclusion, the tear film was unstable due to an autoimmune disease condition in BXSB-Yaa. Impact statement Cornea, an outermost layer of mammalian eye, is protected by tear film and abnormalities of tear film causes dry eye. Dry eye injures the cornea which results lower vision in patients. Several factors cause dry eye, including altered systemic conditions, environment, and immunological abnormality of the patient in autoimmune disease like Sjögren’s syndrome (SS). However, the detailed pathology of autoimmune abnormality-mediated dry eye is unclear. Here we demonstrated that systemic autoimmune abnormality in BXSB-Yaa mice was associated with histological changes in the exocrine glands and cornea of the eyes. We also showed that BXSB-Yaa mice developed mild or early stage dry eye-like disease and explain the existence of a compensatory mechanism associated with the dysfunction of these tissues. Thus, BXSB-Yaa could be a model for SS-like disease-associated dry eye and these data would contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmune-related dry eye disease.