[Pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational diabetes and different indicators of childhood obesity at the age of four: a prospective cohort study].

Objective: To examine the relationship between pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational diabetes (GDM) and different indicators of childhood obesity at the age of 4. Methods: Based on Ma'anshan Birth Cohort Study, singleton children who were born in Ma'anshan of Anhui province from October 2013 to April 2015, were followed for 4 years, consecutively. During the first questionnaire survey, data including pre-pregnancy weight, height and socio-demography were collected. During 24-28 week of gestation, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test was conducted for them. Childhood height, weight, waist circumference and body composition were measured at the age of 4. Comparisons between groups were performed using chi-square test, analysis of variance or t-test. The relationship between pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity, GDM and childhood obesity-related characteristics were analyzed by logistic regression model and generalized linear model analysis. Results: The prevalence rates of overweight and obesity in children at the age of 4 were 13.08% and 6.03%, respectively. After adjustment for characteristics related to mothers and their children, significantly increased risk of obesity (OR=3.27, 95%CI: 2.15-4.98), larger waist circumference (OR=2.32, 95%CI: 1.72-3.14) and higher waist-to-weight ratio (OR=2.29, 95%CI: 1.73-3.02) were seen in the offspring of women with pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity. Body composition (skeletal muscle, body fat, body fat percentage) of the offspring were strongly correlated with pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity of the mothers (P<0.05). Maternal GDM was associated with higher risk of childhood obesity (OR=1.78, 95%CI: 1.14-2.79), on mothers without GDM during pregnancy. However, neither larger waist circumference, or higher waist-to-weight ratio seemed to increase the risk. Moreover, maternal GDM was not associated with body composition measures (skeletal muscle, body fat, body fat percentage). Conclusion: Pre-pregnancy BMI and maternal GDM were independent risk factors for obesity in 4-year-old children, and pre-pregnancy BMI was correlated with various indicators of body composition in children.目的： 探讨孕前BMI、妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）与儿童4岁时肥胖相关指标的关联。 方法： 基于已经建立的"马鞍山市优生优育队列"，对2013年10月至2015年4月出生的单胎活产儿，随访至4岁。在孕期首次填写问卷调查孕前身高、体重，在24~28周接受75 g口服糖耐量试验进行GDM诊断。在儿童4岁时测量身高、体重、腰围和体成分。组间比较采用χ(2)检验、方差分析或t检验，采用logistic回归模型与广义线性模型分析孕前超重/肥胖、孕前患有GDM与儿童肥胖相关特征的关系。 结果： 儿童4岁时超重、肥胖率分别为13.08%、6.03%。控制孕期和儿童人口统计学变量后，孕前母亲超重/肥胖者儿童在4岁时发生肥胖、腰围超标、腰围身高比超标的风险要高，其OR值（95%CI）分别为3.27（2.15~4.98）、2.32（1.72~3.14）和2.29（1.73~3.02）；且与体成分指标（骨骼肌、体脂肪、体脂百分比）相关（P<0.05）。孕期母亲患有GDM者，儿童4岁时肥胖发生风险要比母亲未患有GDM者高1.78倍（OR=1.78，95%CI：1.14~2.79）；但是孕期母亲患有GDM对4岁儿童腰围超标、腰围身高比超标发生风险并无影响，与体成分指标（骨骼肌、体脂肪、体脂百分比）无统计学关联。 结论： 孕前母亲超重/肥胖、孕期患有GDM是4岁儿童肥胖的独立危险因素，且孕前BMI与儿童体成分的各项指标相关。.