Biomimetic interfaces for drag reduction: From mechanism to applications

With the global population growing, energy demand has increased drastically. Simultaneously, environmental concerns have been mounting at an alarming rate. In transportation systems such as pipelines and ships, the resistance caused by friction is a major factor leading to energy loss. Not only does this lead to high energy consumption but also hinders improving the overall efficiency of the transportation processes. Therefore, finding a solution to minimize this energy loss has emerged as a critical research area among scholars. A viable solution, inspired by the unique structures in nature, is deemed an effective drag reduction method. This paper outlines the bionic structures of earthworms, sharks, and dolphins, discussing their theory and mechanism to reduce drag. Furthermore, the paper compares the recent approaches employing bionic drag-reduction interfaces based on the earthworm, shark, and dolphin body structure. The applications of bionic interfacial drag-reduction materials in agriculture, transportation, and industry are also analyzed, along with a summary of the limitations and challenges associated with bionic interfacial drag reduction. Finally, the authors look forward to future research directions and application prospects of bionic interfacial drag reduction materials.