Nose-to-Brain delivery of antiretroviral drug loaded lipidic nanocarriers to purge HIV reservoirs in CNS: A safer approach

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which induces acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), is among the most lethal viral infections worldwide. Although the realm of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has potential to assist in the treatment of HIV transmission, the drugs' targeting capacity to the brain offers a significant obstacle in clearing out HIV reservoirs from the brain. In addition, a greater knowledge of the pathophysiological existence of HIV reservoirs, as well as the influence of various therapies on their persistence, is critical in determining an anti-HIV therapy approach. The presence of efflux transporters also hinders antiretroviral drugs from reaching the brain. Nanostructured systems with distinct features such as improved bioavailability, durability, and targetability of drugs to particular areas have been proven effective in addressing this condition. Furthermore, intranasal administration of the drug is a non-invasive delivery approach that might perhaps circumvent obstacles to reach its intended site. Intranasal drug delivery involves minimal time to attain the brain via the olfactory or trigeminal pathways, and it does not necessitate any transporters or receptors since it is an extracellular channel. The focus of this review is on purging of HIV reservoirs in the brain using several lipidic nanostructure compositions administered through intranasal route as well as current day advancements in this area. Moreover, a fundamental introduction to the human immunological virus, a brief genesis of the disease, HIV reservoir settings, and existing therapeutic moieties for therapy with their limitations are outlined. Additionally, the importance of better comprehending HIV reservoirs in the brain, as well as optimal antiretroviral drug transport from nose-to-brain, has been emphasized.