A Deep Learning Model for Three-Dimensional Determination of Whole Thoracic Vertebral Bone Mineral Density from Noncontrast Chest CT: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

A multilevel, three-dimensional, deep learning segmentation algorithm applied to noncontrast chest CT images delineated distinct bone mineral density patterns from whole thoracic vertebrae and provided incremental value in predicting vertebral fractures.