Kaixin Jieyu Granule attenuates neuroinflammation-induced depressive-like behavior through TLR4/PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 pathway: a study of network pharmacology and experimental validation

Abstract Background Kaixin Jieyu Granule (KJG), an improved formula of Kai-xin-san and Si-ni-san, is a highly effective formula with demonstrated efficacy in preventing depression in previous studies. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of KJG’s antidepressant effects on inflammatory molecules remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic effects of KJG on depression using network pharmacology and experimental validation. Methods We employed a multi-faceted approach, combining high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), network pharmacology, and molecular docking, to unravel the underlying mechanisms of KJG’s anti-depressant effects. To confirm our findings, we conducted at least two independent in vivo experiments on mice, utilizing both the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced models. Furthermore, the results of in vivo experiments were verified by in vitro assays. Behavioral tests were utilized to evaluate depression-like behaviors, while Nissl staining was used to assess morphological changes in the hippocampus. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and pathway-related protein expressions were determined using a combination of immunofluorescence staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western Blotting (WB). Results Our network-based approaches indicated that ginsenoside Rg1 (GRg1) and saikosaponin d (Ssd) are the major constituents of KJG that exert an anti-depressant effect by regulating TLR4, PI3K, AKT1, and FOXO1 targets through the toll-like receptor, PI3K/AKT, and FoxO pathways. In vivo, KJG can attenuate depression-like behaviors, protect hippocampal neuronal cells, and reduce the production of pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) by repressing TLR4 expression, which was regulated by the inhibition of FOXO1 through nuclear exportation. Furthermore, KJG increases the expression levels of PI3K, AKT, p-PI3K, p-AKT, and p-PTEN. Our in vitro assays are consistent with our in vivo studies. On the other hand, the above effects can be reversed by applying TAK242 and LY294002. Conclusion Our findings suggest that KJG can exert anti-depressant effects by regulating neuroinflammation through the PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 pathway by suppressing TLR4 activation. The study’s findings reveal novel mechanisms underlying the anti-depressant effects of KJG, presenting promising avenues for the development of targeted therapeutic approaches for depression.