Unraveling the role of anthropogenic and hydrologic drivers with respect to the optical and molecular properties of dissolved organic matter and organic phosphorus in a P-contaminated river

Anthropogenic and hydrological drivers are key factors influencing the fate of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) in river runoff. However, how anthropogenic disturbances and hydrological conditions jointly affect the composition and characteristics of DOM and DOP in river runoff remains unclear. This study used fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, and the stable water isotopes to interpret the chemical composition and properties of DOM and DOP as well as their linkages to anthropogenic disturbances and hydrological conditions in a typical P-contaminated tributary to the central Yangtze River. The results show in the wet season, the average abundance of humic-like components in DOM exceeded 60 %, while the average abundance of tryptophan-like components in DOM exceeded 50 % in the dry season. During the dry season, hydrological conditions had a greater impact on highly unsaturated DOM compounds compared to anthropogenic disturbances because a decrease in precipitation reduced the transport of terrestrial DOM into aquatic systems and increased water retention time in the river, promoting the production of unsaturated compounds from photochemistry. The effects of the two factors were similar in the wet season because active agricultural activities and intense precipitation jointly facilitated the entry of exogenous humics into the runoff, leading to the similar relative abundance of highly unsaturated DOM compounds associated with both factors. Anthropogenic disturbances had a greater impact on aliphatic DOM and DOP than hydrological conditions, which was associated with intense human activities in the watershed, such as phosphate mining, agricultural cultivation, and domestic sewage discharge. This study provides new knowledge about the composition, properties and underlying mechanisms of DOM and DOP in the P-contaminated watershed runoff.