ESPGHAN/ESPEN/ESPR/CSPEN guidelines on pediatric parenteral nutrition: Amino acids

Search: Searches were performed in three stages. First, all the titles with the relevant key words were retrieved by the Cochrane Collaboration Department from Budapest, who also performed the first reduction. Publications published after the previous guidelines [[1]Parenteral Nutrition Guidelines Working G, European Society for Clinical N, Metabolism, European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology H, Nutrition, European Society of Paediatric RGuidelines on Paediatric Parenteral Nutrition of the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) and the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN), supported by the European Society of Paediatric Research (ESPR) – 7. Iron, minerals and trace elements.JPGN. 2005; 41: S39-S46Google Scholar] (i.e., from 2004–December 2014), were considered. Members of the Working Group subsequently read all the titles and abstracts, and selected potentially relevant ones. These were retrieved and full articles were assessed. Some studies published in 2015 or 2016 during the revision process have also been considered. The references cited in the previous guidelines are not repeated here, except for some relevant publications; only the previous guidelines will be cited instead. Type of publications: Original papers, meta-analyses and overviews. Key words: parenteral nutrition, amino acids, requirements, toxicity, deficiency. Age: Child, infant, preterm. Language: English. Outcome: Recommendations were developed from a standpoint of nutrient adequacy. Depending on age groups, nutrient adequacy was based on intrauterine accretion rate, organ development, factorial estimates of requirements and amino acid interactions. Individual amino acids are discussed. Minimal intakes of specific amino acids are those that meet the specific requirement of children in that age group. Maximal intakes are recommended to prevent excessive and potentially harmful intakes of amino acids.