Fire Blight of Apple, Caused by Erwinia amylovora, a New Disease in Korea

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 100, No. 8Fire Blight of Apple, Caused by Erwinia amylovora, a New Disease in Korea PreviousNext DISEASE NOTES OPENOpen Access licenseFire Blight of Apple, Caused by Erwinia amylovora, a New Disease in KoreaI.-S. Myung, J.-Y. Lee, M.-J. Yun, Y.-H. Lee, Y.-K. Lee, D.-H. Park, and C.-S. OhI.-S. MyungSearch for more papers by this author, J.-Y. LeeSearch for more papers by this author, M.-J. YunSearch for more papers by this author, Y.-H. LeeSearch for more papers by this author, Y.-K. LeeSearch for more papers by this author, D.-H. ParkSearch for more papers by this author, and C.-S. OhSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations I.-S. Myung J.-Y. Lee M.-J. Yun , Crop Protection, National Academy of Agricultural Science, 166, Nongsaengmyeong, Iseo, Wanju 553-65, Korea Y.-H. Lee , Extension Service Bureau, Rural Development Administration, 200, Nongsaengmyeong, Wansam, Jeonju 548-75, Korea Y.-K. Lee , Crop Protection, National Academy of Agricultural Science, 166, Nongsaengmyeong, Iseo, Wanju 553-65, Korea D.-H. Park , Department of Applied Biology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea C.-S. Oh , Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea. Published Online:11 May 2016https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-01-16-0024-PDNAboutSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat In June and July 2015, symptoms typical of fire blight were observed on shoots and leaves of apple (Malus pumila L.) in two commercial orchards located 67.38 km apart in Anseong (36°57′31.15″ N, 127°15′55.15″ E) and Jecheon (37°9′43.23″ N, 127°59′16.72″ E) cities of Korea. Symptoms including leaf and shoot blight were observed on 313 and eight trees in orchards of Anseong and Jecheon, respectively. Fifteen bacterial isolates were recovered on trypticase soy agar from leaf and shoot lesions that were surface-sterilized in 70% ethyl alcohol for 20 s. All isolates were gram-negative, rod-shaped, and mucoid. Phenotypic tests were performed based on diagnostic protocol for Erwinia amylovora (OEPP/EPPO 2013). The isolates were positive for levan formation, production of acetoin and reducing substance from sucrose, gelatin hydrolysis, requirement of growth factor (nicotinic acid), hypersensitive reaction in tobacco, both oxidation and fermentation, and acid production from L-arabinose. The isolates were negative for growth at 36 and 39°C, pectate degradation, H2S from cysteine, urease production, indole, nitrate reduction, fluorescent pigment on King’s B medium, oxidase, and acid production from salicin, α-methyl glucoside, melibiose, and inositol. The isolates produced a 1-kb amplicon with the species-specific primers set A/B for E. amylovora (Bereswill et al. 1992), but did not produce any amplicon with primer set CPS1/CPS2c for E. pyrifoliae (Kim et al. 2001). Pathogenicity tests were performed on apple seedlings and immature pear fruits. Pathogenicity of the isolates to apple seedlings was confirmed by infiltrating bacterial suspensions (108 CFU/ml) in sterile distilled water (DW) into the veins near the base of young leaves on the shoot tips of 2-year-old apple (cv. Fuji). The leaves and stem on the shoot tips turned brown, and the top of shoot bent over into a characteristic shape similar to the top of a shepherd’s crook within 5 days. Pathogenicity tests on immature pear fruit (Steinberger and Beer 1988) were confirmed by inoculation of 10 μl of bacterial suspensions (107 CFU/ml) in sterile DW on cut surfaces of freshly cut immature pears (cv. Shingo). The inoculated fruits were placed in a humid plastic box at 28°C for 2 days. The fruits had severe necrosis and showed bacterial ooze at the inoculated sites. No symptoms were observed on the control plants and immature pear fruits inoculated with sterile DW. All tests were repeated two times. The identity of the bacterium reisolated from blighted apple shoots was confirmed by sequencing of the atpD gene (Young and Park 2007). The atpD (1,221 bp, KU500342 to KU500356) and carA (1,022 bp, KU500326 to KU500340) genes of all isolates were partially sequenced, and compared with the atpD (KU500341) and carA (KU500325) genes of the type strain (BC 228 = ATCC 15580T) of E. amylovora to aid in the identification (Young and Park 2007). All isolates had the same atpD and carA gene sequences. All isolates and the type strain of E. amylovora shared 100% and 99.9% (one base difference) similarities in the sequences of atpD and carA genes, respectively. On the basis of pathogenicity, the sequences and phenotypic assays, the 15 isolates were identified as E. amylovora. To our knowledge, this is the first report of fire blight of apple caused by E. amylovora in Korea. The disease is expected to have a significant economic impact on apple in Korea. Programs for eradication of fire blight of apple have been executed to prevent further spread of the bacterium to new areas.References:Bereswill, S., et al. 1992. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:3522. Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarOEPP/EPPO. 2013. EPPO Bull. 43:21. Google ScholarKim, W.-S., et al. 2001. Plant Dis. 85:1183. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.11.1183 Link, ISI, Google ScholarSteinberger, E. M., and Beer, S. V. 1988. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interac. 1:135. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-1-135 Crossref, Google ScholarYoung, J. M., and Park, D.-C. 2007. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 30:343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2007.03.002 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarDetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 100, No. 8 August 2016SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Metrics Article History Issue Date: 22 Jul 2016Published: 11 May 2016Accepted: 14 Mar 2016 Pages: 1774-1774 Information© 2016 The American Phytopathological SocietyCited byCopper-Based Compounds against Erwinia amylovora: Response Parameter Analysis and Suppression of Fire Blight in AppleThe Plant Pathology Journal, Vol. 39, No. 1Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Potential and Characterization of Novel T7-Like Erwinia Bacteriophages23 January 2023 | Biology, Vol. 12, No. 2Assessment of fire blight introduction in the wild apple forests of Kazakhstan28 November 2022 | Biodiversity, Vol. 23, No. 3-4First Isolation and Characterization of Serratia liquefaciens Associated with Rot Disease of Malus domestica (Apple) Fruit and Its Inhibition by Origanum vulgare (Oregano) Oil19 August 2022 | Horticulturae, Vol. 8, No. 8Comparing Protein Expression in Erwinia amylovora Strain TS3128 Cultured under Three Sets of Environmental ConditionsThe Plant Pathology Journal, Vol. 38, No. 4Evidence of Greater Competitive Fitness of Erwinia amylovora over E. pyrifoliae in Korean IsolatesThe Plant Pathology Journal, Vol. 38, No. 4Extended longevity of Erwinia amylovora vectored by honeybees under in vitro conditions and its capacity for dissemination14 October 2021 | Plant Pathology, Vol. 71, No. 3Erwinia amylovora (fireblight)CABI Compendium, Vol. CABI CompendiumComplete Genome Sequence of Erwinia amylovora Strain TS3128, a Korean Strain Isolated in an Asian Pear Orchard in 2015Microbiology Resource Announcements, Vol. 10, No. 37Effectors, chaperones, and harpins of the Type III secretion system in the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora: a review11 August 2020 | Journal of Plant Pathology, Vol. 103, No. S1The 2nd International Symposium on Fire Blight of Rosaceous Plants: a Journal of Plant Pathology special issue19 July 2021 | Journal of Plant Pathology, Vol. 103, No. S1Effect of Kasugamycin, Oxytetracycline, and Streptomycin on In-orchard Population Dynamics of Erwinia amylovora on Apple Flower StigmasSuzanne M. Slack, Kellie J. Walters, Cory A. Outwater, and George W. Sundin6 May 2021 | Plant Disease, Vol. 105, No. 6Genome Analysis of Erwinia amylovora Strains Responsible for a Fire Blight Outbreak in KoreaJu Yeon Song, Yeo Hong Yun, Gi-Don Kim, Seong Hwan Kim, Seong-Jin Lee, and Jihyun F. Kim22 March 2021 | Plant Disease, Vol. 105, No. 4Evaluation of Antibacterial and Synergistic Effect of Lichen Extracts with Antibiotics Against Fire Blight Pathogen, Erwinia amylovoraThe Korean Journal of Pesticide Science, Vol. 25, No. 1Genomic Insights Into the Antifungal Activity and Plant Growth-Promoting Ability in Bacillus velezensis CMRP 449015 January 2021 | Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol. 11Apple Blossoms from a Swiss Orchard with Low-Input Plant Protection Regime Reveal High Abundance of Potential Fire Blight AntagonistsFlorian Gschwend, Andrea Braun-Kiewnick, Franco Widmer, and Cosima Pelludat4 May 2021 | Phytobiomes Journal, Vol. 5, No. 2Full Issue PDF16 July 2021 | Phytobiomes Journal, Vol. 5, No. 2Outbreak of Fire Blight of Apple and Pear and Its Characteristics in Korea in 2019Research in Plant Disease, Vol. 26, No. 4Survival of Erwinia amylovora on Surfaces of Materials Used in OrchardsResearch in Plant Disease, Vol. 25, No. 2Characterization of the Lytic Bacteriophage phiEaP-8 Effective against Both Erwinia amylovora and Erwinia pyrifoliae Causing Severe Diseases in Apple and PearThe Plant Pathology Journal, Vol. 34, No. 5Loss-of-Function Mutations in the Dpp and Opp Permeases Render Erwinia amylovora Resistant to Kasugamycin and Blasticidin SYixin Ge, Jae Hoon Lee, Baishi Hu, and Youfu Zhao6 June 2018 | Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Vol. 31, No. 8Comparative genomics of Spiraeoideae‐infecting Erwinia amylovora strains provides novel insight to genetic diversity and identifies the genetic basis of a low‐virulence strain6 March 2018 | Molecular Plant Pathology, Vol. 19, No. 7In Vitro Screening of Antibacterial Agents for Suppression of Fire Blight Disease in KoreaResearch in Plant Disease, Vol. 24, No. 1On-Site Diagnosis of Fire Blight with Antibody-Based Diagnostic StripsResearch in Plant Disease, Vol. 23, No. 4Type VI Secretion Systems of Erwinia amylovora Contribute to Bacterial Competition, Virulence, and Exopolysaccharide ProductionYanli Tian, Yuqiang Zhao, Linye Shi, Zhongli Cui, Baishi Hu, and Youfu Zhao19 April 2017 | Phytopathology®, Vol. 107, No. 6