适应性管理
弹性(材料科学)
适应能力
首脑会议
托换
背景(考古学)
公司治理
社会生态系统
生态系统理论
环境资源管理
过程(计算)
心理弹性
自然资源
复杂适应系统
政府(语言学)
可持续发展
系统思维
持续性
过程管理
管理科学
业务
计算机科学
资源(消歧)
政治学
生态学
工程类
经济
地理
气候变化
心理学
人工智能
土木工程
语言学
热力学
操作系统
哲学
考古
生物
法学
物理
作者
Carl Folke,Steve Carpenter,Thomas Elmqvist,Lance Gunderson,C. S. Holling,Brian Walker
标识
DOI:10.1579/0044-7447-31.5.437
摘要
Emerging recognition of two fundamental errors underpinning past polices for natural resource issues heralds awareness of the need for a worldwide fundamental change in thinking and in practice of environmental management. The first error has been an implicit assumption that ecosystem responses to human use are linear, predictable and controllable. The second has been an assumption that human and natural systems can be treated independently. However, evidence that has been accumulating in diverse regions all over the world suggests that natural and social systems behave in nonlinear ways, exhibit marked thresholds in their dynamics, and that social-ecological systems act as strongly coupled, complex and evolving integrated systems. This article is a summary of a report prepared on behalf of the Environmental Advisory Council to the Swedish Government, as input to the process of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg, South Africa in 26 August 4 September 2002. We use the concept of resilience--the capacity to buffer change, learn and develop--as a framework for understanding how to sustain and enhance adaptive capacity in a complex world of rapid transformations. Two useful tools for resilience-building in social-ecological systems are structured scenarios and active adaptive management. These tools require and facilitate a social context with flexible and open institutions and multi-level governance systems that allow for learning and increase adaptive capacity without foreclosing future development options.
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