Different responses of ecosystem CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and CH<sub>4</sub> uptake to seasonally asymmetric warming in an alpine grassland of the Tianshan

Abstract. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of seasonally asymmetric warming on ecosystem respiration (Re), CH4 uptake, and N2O emissions in alpine grassland of the Tianshan of central Asia, from October 2016 to September 2019. The annual means of Re, CH4, and N2O fluxes in growing season were 42.83 mg C m−2 h−1, −41.57 µg C m−2 h−1, and 4.98 µg N m−2 h−1, respectively. Furthermore, warming during the non-growing season increased Re and CH4 uptake by 7.9 % and 10.6 % in the growing season and 10.5 % and 9.2 % in the non-growing season, respectively. However, the increase in N2O emission in the growing season was mainly caused by the warming during the growing season (by 29.7 %). The warming throughout the year and warming during the non-growing season increased N2O emissions by 101.9 % and 192.3 % in the non-growing season, respectively. The Re, CH4 uptake, and N2O emissions were positively correlated with soil temperature. Our results suggested that Re, CH4 uptake, and N2O emissions were regulated by soil temperature, rather than soil moisture, in the case of seasonally asymmetric warming. In addition, the response rate was defined by the changes in greenhouse gas fluxes driven by warming. In our field experiment, we observed the stimulatory effect of warming during the non-growing season on Re and CH4 uptake. In contrast, the response rates of Re and N2O emissions were gradually attenuated by long-term annual warming, and the response rate of Re was also weakened by warming over the growing season. These findings highlight the importance of warming in the non-growing season in regulating greenhouse gas fluxes, a finding which is crucial for improving our understanding of C and N cycles under the scenarios of global warming.