Fully Spray-Coated Perovskite Solar Minimodules via a Vacuum-Flash Assisted Solution Process

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become a dazzling star in the photovoltaic community due to their excellent power conversion efficiency and low production costs. The rapid increase in efficiency and improvements in device stability have made research on the scalable preparation of PSCs more urgent. Here, a film deposition method of spray coating and a film processing strategy of vacuum flash were used to deposit perovskite films and carrier transport layers, which was devoted to the fabrication of fully spray-coated PSCs. The scalable deposition method enabled us to create PSC modules with monolithic serial interconnections. We obtained a fully spray-coated PSC module with a total area of 10.8 cm2 and a geometric fill factor of 78.9%, and we demonstrated a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.66%. A negligible hysteresis effect was observed, and the module could successfully drive a fan under one sun irradiation.Graphic Abstract