Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging with ROS‐Responsive Bilirubin Nanoparticles Enables Monitoring of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Progression to Cirrhosis

Abstract Despite the vital importance of monitoring the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progressive form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an efficient imaging modality that is readily available at hospitals is currently lacking. Here, a new magnetic‐resonance‐imaging (MRI)‐based imaging modality is presented that allows for efficient and longitudinal monitoring of NAFLD and NASH progression. The imaging modality uses manganese‐ion (Mn 2+ )‐chelated bilirubin nanoparticles (Mn@BRNPs) as a reactive‐oxygen‐species (ROS)‐responsive MRI imaging probe. Longitudinal T 1 ‐weighted MR imaging of NASH model mice is performed after injecting Mn@BRNPs intravenously. The MR signal enhancement in the liver relative to muscle gradually increases up to 8 weeks of NASH progression, but decreases significantly as NASH progresses to the cirrhosis‐like stage at weeks 10 and 12. A new dual input pseudo‐three‐compartment model is developed to provide information on NASH stage with a single MRI scan. It is also demonstrated that the ROS‐responsive Mn@BRNPs can be used to monitor the efficacy of potential anti‐NASH drugs with conventional MRI. The findings suggest that the ROS‐responsive Mn@BRNPs have the potential to serve as an efficient MRI contrast for monitoring NASH progression and its transition to the cirrhosis‐like stage.