Constructing a TiN/CNT lithiophilic scaffold for dendrite-free Li-metal anode

Lithium metal, distinguished by its ultra-high theoretical specific capacity, emerges as an exemplary anode material for cutting-edge batteries. Nonetheless, its practical deployment is marred by the pervasive issue of uncontrolled lithium dendrite growth. In a pivotal breakthrough, our study reveals that the crystallographic planes of TiN exhibit distinct adsorption strengths for lithium atoms, a discovery that crucially enhances the adsorption and desorption dynamics during electrochemical cycling. Capitalising on the differential lithiophilicity between TiN and carbon nanotubes (CNT), a lithiophilic scaffold encompassing TiN/CNT has been ingeniously devised and constructed. This scaffold, realized through an alkalinisation strategy complemented by annealing treatment, orchestrates a modulated lithium deposition process. The lithium metal anode, endowed with this bespoke scaffold comprising TiN/CNT, demonstrates a controlled lithium deposition. This innovation enables a Li//Li symmetrical battery to attain an unprecedented cycle life exceeding 3700 cycles, even under an ultra-high current density of 10 mA cm−2. In addition, when employed in a LFP battery configuration with the TiN/CNT@Li anode, it exhibits a stellar discharge specific capacity of 92.5 mAh g−1 at 8 C, indicative of superior rate performance. Remarkably, this anode upholds a high-capacity retention rate of 97% post 1000 cycles and exhibits negligible capacity decay following 300 cycles at a lofty loading of 12 mg cm−2. This research provides crucial insights into the enhancement of lithium metal batteries, signifying a substantial advancement in addressing their longstanding limitations.