CD103+ dendritic cell — fibroblast crosstalk via TLR9, TDO2, and AHR signaling drives lung fibrogenesis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by progressive scarring and loss of lung function. With limited treatment options, patients succumb to the disease within 2 to 5 years. The molecular pathogenesis of IPF regarding the immunologic changes that occur is poorly understood. We characterize a role for non-canonical aryl-hydrocarbon receptor signaling (ncAHR) in dendritic cells (DCs) that leads to production of IL-6 and increased IL-17+ cells, promoting fibrosis. TLR9 signaling in myofibroblasts is shown to regulate production of TDO2 which converts tryptophan into the endogenous AHR ligand kynurenine. Mice with augmented ncAHR signaling were created by crossing floxed AHR exon-2 deletion mice (AHRΔex2) with mice harboring a CD11c-Cre. Bleomycin (blm) was used to study fibrotic pathogenesis. Isolated CD11c+ cells and primary fibroblasts were treated ex-vivo with relevant TLR agonists and AHR modulating compounds to study how AHR signaling influenced inflammatory cytokine production. Human datasets were also interrogated. Inhibition of all AHR signaling rescued fibrosis, however, AHRΔex2 mice treated with blm developed more fibrosis and DCs from these mice were hyperinflammatory and profibrotic upon adoptive transfer. Treatment of fibrotic fibroblasts with TLR9 agonist increased expression of TDO2 and fibrotic fibroblasts activated IL-6 production in CD103+ DCs. Study of human samples corroborates the relevance of these findings in IPF patients. We also, for the first time, identify that AHR exon-2 floxed mice retain capacity for ncAHR signaling.