Proposing of a novel PV/T module in series with a ST+TE module to pursue a round-the-clock continuous energy output

As is well known, traditional solar systems can only work under conditions of solar radiation, as solar energy is the sole energy source for photovoltaic generation and heat recovery. Few studies have focused on their continuous operation throughout the day and this research gap needs to be filled. Consequently, to pursue a round-the-clock electrical power generator, in this study, a two-stage system is constructed, consisting of the first-stage photovoltaic/thermal module and the second-stage solar thermal collector with thermoelectric generators in series. Thermoelectric generators ensure that the system runs normally by day, while also utilizing the heated fluid to achieve uninterrupted energy output at night. A numerical model of the system is developed to analyze the performance changes under continuous running. From the results, the second-stage module improves the daytime heat gain, effectively boosting the electrical contribution of thermoelectric generators, whether during the day or night. At the maximum input energy, photovoltaic cells generate the greatest power of 118.37 W with an average efficiency of 14.56%. The average efficiencies of thermoelectric generators in the daytime and nighttime are 0.97% and 0.53%, enhancing the total electrical output. Additionally, the comparative analysis is performed under different parameters, as well as an economic analysis.