Technologies for Multilayered Scaffolds Suitable for Interface Tissue Engineering

Multilayered scaffolds that provide tailored space‐specific biological and mechanical functions are promising for interface tissue engineering such as in osteochondral tissue regeneration. In this study, fabrication techniques, including foam replication, gelation, and freeze‐drying techniques, were combined in order to manufacture stratified scaffolds mimicking the layered structure of native osteochondral tissue. 45S5 Bioglass® and alginate were used to fabricate 3D highly porous (composite) scaffolds for the underlying subchondral bone layer. Freeze‐dried alginate‐based scaffolds were produced for the cartilage layer. Finally, both layers were integrated using a novel alginate/45S5 Bioglass® hybrid interface acting as an adhesive, which functions as the cartilage–bone interfacial layer. Novel multilayered scaffolds were optimized to achieve the complex requirements for osteochondral tissue engineering such as the 3D architecture, porous structure, physical, and mechanical properties, which are presented and discussed in the context of the intended application of the novel scaffolds in osteochondral tissue regeneration.