Supply and demand assessment of physical activity services provided by urban green spaces: A case study of Chongqing, China

Urban green spaces (UGSs) serve as preferred venues for residents' outdoor physical activities (PA). However, limited research explores the supply and demand match of physical activity services. This study aims to introduce a novel multi-dimensional framework to map the supply and demand of PA services in UGSs. This framework involves evaluating UGS supply from capacity, quality, and accessibility dimensions, mapping the demand for PA services from visiting frequency and duration based on massive trajectories, and then assessing supply-demand matches of PA services by spatial clustering analysis. The findings revealed distinct spatial imbalances in the supply and demand of PA services in the case of Chongqing, as indicated by 45.34% of surveyed blocks with mismatches. PA services exhibited spatial heterogeneity, with undersupply in the urban center and oversupply in the suburbs. The demand for jogging and walking peaked highest in certain periods, such as morning and evening peaks, intensifying the undersupply issue. This study provides insights for exploring the PA services of UGSs and offers valuable implications for UGS planning and management.