Hybridity and Multiscale Compatibility in Landscape Infrastructure for Mountain River Restoration: A Pathway Toward Environmental and Socio-Ecological Sustainability

River rehabilitation has traditionally focused on hard-engineering projects, which often fail to address environmental protection concerns and social-ecological services in a larger territorial context. In particular, mountain rivers pose unique challenges due to their diverse hydrological and morphological conditions, which are often overlooked by traditional restoration methods. Consequently, water quality deteriorates and social-ecological imbalances arise. To address these challenges, we propose a holistic solution that integrates landscape infrastructure (LI), a soft-engineered biophysical structure and process. Our approach combines hydrological analysis, ecological sensitivity assessment, and ecological design solutions to develop an LI framework for the Xiaojiahe basin in the Chongqing Mountain range in southwest China. This framework emphasizes integration across the spatial scale of landscape networks and corridors. Our study reveals the existence of fragmented river systems and limited connectivity among green spaces in the research area. The adoption of a comprehensive Landscape Infrastructure (LI) framework facilitates the execution of culturally sensitive and practical design solutions for Mountain Urban River Restoration (MURR) at different levels. This approach reinstates the multifaceted environmental and socio-ecological benefits of the basin. We believe that our approach can be applied to other cases with similar contexts and challenges.