Universal Near-Infrared Fluorescent Nanoprobes for Detection and Real-Time Imaging of ATP in Real Food Samples, Living Cells, and Bacteria

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), an essential metabolite for active microorganisms to maintain life activities, has been widely regarded as a marker of cell activity and an indicator of microbial contamination. Herein, we designed two near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent nanoprobes named CYA@ZIF-90 and CYQ@ZIF-90 by encapsulating the NIR dye CYA/CYQ in ZIF-90 for the rapid detection of ATP. Between them, nanoprobe CYA@ZIF-90 can achieve higher NIR emission (702 nm) and rapid detection (2 min). Based on the superior spatiotemporal resolution imaging of ATP fluctuations in living cells, the applicability of CYA@ZIF-90 for imaging and detection of ATP in living bacteria was explored for the first time. The nanoprobe indirectly realizes the quantitative detection of bacteria, and the detection limit can be as low as 74 CFU mL-1. Therefore, the prepared nanoprobe is expected to become a universal ATP sensing detection tool, which can be further applied to evaluate cell apoptosis, cell proliferation, and food-harmful microbial control.