Grape Maturity Detection and Visual Pre-Positioning Based on Improved YOLOv4

To guide grape picking robots to recognize and classify the grapes with different maturity quickly and accurately in the complex environment of the orchard, and to obtain the spatial position information of the grape clusters, an algorithm of grape maturity detection and visual pre-positioning based on improved YOLOv4 is proposed in this study. The detection algorithm uses Mobilenetv3 as the backbone feature extraction network, uses deep separable convolution instead of ordinary convolution, and uses the h-swish function instead of the swish function to reduce the number of model parameters and improve the detection speed of the model. At the same time, the SENet attention mechanism is added to the model to improve the detection accuracy, and finally the SM-YOLOv4 algorithm based on improved YOLOv4 is constructed. The experimental results of maturity detection showed that the overall average accuracy of the trained SM-YOLOv4 target detection algorithm under the verification set reached 93.52%, and the average detection time was 10.82 ms. Obtaining the spatial position of grape clusters is a grape cluster pre-positioning method based on binocular stereo vision. In the pre-positioning experiment, the maximum error was 32 mm, the mean error was 27 mm, and the mean error ratio was 3.89%. Compared with YOLOv5, YOLOv4-Tiny, Faster_R-CNN, and other target detection algorithms, which have greater advantages in accuracy and speed, have good robustness and real-time performance in the actual orchard complex environment, and can simultaneously meet the requirements of grape fruit maturity recognition accuracy and detection speed, as well as the visual pre-positioning requirements of grape picking robots in the orchard complex environment. It can reliably indicate the growth stage of grapes, so as to complete the picking of grapes at the best time, and it can guide the robot to move to the picking position, which is a prerequisite for the precise picking of grapes in the complex environment of the orchard.