Emerging Trends and Future Challenges of Nanovaccine Delivery via Nasal Route

The mucosal surfaces are the key site of the entrance, protection, and stability of several pathogens. Considering that >90% of pathogens gain access to the body via mucosal sites, using mucosal vaccination to generate protective immunity at mucosal sites could overcome. Some of the micro and nano carrier-based nasal delivery systems produce cellular, humoral and mucosal immunity. The nasal route vaccination may protect multiple distant mucosal sites like-rectal, vaginal, oral, and pulmonary. Also, it is a convenient and cost-effective vaccination mode with improved patient compliance. Several nasal vaccine delivery systems are currently being supplied in the form of liposomes, micro/nano particulates, which have shown immunity in animal models. Especially particulate nanovaccine has a special character related to long-term immunogenicity and high efficiency. The significance and the ability of the nasal route vaccination programs are unexplained and complications; therefore, effective delivery strategies will promote the production of nasal vaccines. The present study focuses on vaccine delivery strategies and their effects on the immune system. Also, the study discusses the benefits of mucosal-associated immune response over the conventional delivery system for vaccine via the nasal route.