Surface wettability-induced modulations of droplet breakup in a bifurcated microchannel

We explore the dynamics of droplet propagation and subsequent disintegration in a symmetric bifurcating Y-microchannel by varying the wettability characteristics of one of the daughter channels while maintaining the wettability of the other constant. The temporal evolution of the droplet is numerically investigated using the phase-field method. Based on the neck-width evolution, the droplet bifurcation phenomenon has been divided into three separate stages, namely, squeezing, transition, and pinch-off. During the squeezing stage, the rate of change of neck width increases as the wettability angle decreases, while an opposite trend is observed at the pinch-off stage, leading to almost identical breakup time for the droplet regardless of the wettability angle. We identify pertinent regimes of droplet breakup, such as symmetric breakup, asymmetric breakup, no-breakup upper channel, no-breakup lower channel, and spreading regime, over wide ranges of capillary numbers (Ca) and viscosity ratio (μr). Our study indicates that an increase in the relative influence of viscous force (high Ca) reduces the droplet's wettability effect. The same pattern is obtained when the viscosity of the droplet is increased in relation to the viscosity of the carrier fluid. In contrast, for low Ca flows, the relatively strong interfacial tension favors the wettability characteristics of the surface, resulting in a dominance of non-breakup regimes. The regime plots proposed in this paper depict the roles of Ca and μr on various breakup regimes in detail. Such regime diagrams may emerge as fundamental design basis of microfluidic devices in diverse applications, such as biopharmaceuticals, microreactors, and food processing.