Enhanced charge carriers separation/transportation via S-scheme ZnCeS–ZnWO heterostructure nanocomposite for photodegradation of synthetic dyes under sunlight

Domestic wastage and liquid discharge from industries cause serious water pollution and severely damage the life cycle of living species. Therefore, it is necessary to construct efficient photocatalysts for the removal of toxic pollutants from water. Herein, a novel heterostructure ZnWO–ZnCeS nanocomposite was prepared by the sol-gel route and studied its physical and photocatalytic properties using various analytical techniques. Under sunlight irradiation, the ZnWO–ZnCeS photocatalyst eliminated 99.7, 99.1, 99.0 % rhodamine-B (RhB), methylene blue (MB), and safranin-O (SO) dyes within 70 min with excellent performance higher than individual ZnWO and ZnCeS catalysts. The optimization tests exhibit the catalyst loading = 30 mg, dye content = 25 ppm, solution pH = 8 of ZnWO–ZnCeS against MB dye for practical application. The heterojunction of coupled ZnWO and ZnCeS leads to a synergistic effect that facilitates the charge transport and hampers the recombination of photo-induced charge carriers thereby leading to boosted photocatalytic performance. Furthermore, based on the scavenging test, the hydroxyl and superoxide radicals were the reactive species during the photodegradation reaction. The designed photodegradation reaction mechanism has proposed the formation of an S-scheme in ZnWO–ZnCeS that led to the accumulation of electrons at ZnCeS and holes at ZnWO, favoring the formation of reactive species for dye degradation. Moreover, this work provides a novel direction to synthesize S-scheme heterostructure photocatalysts for application in wastewater treatment.