Enjoyable, anxious, or bored? Investigating Chinese EFL learners’ classroom emotions and their engagement in technology-based EMI classrooms

To explore the intricate connections between Chinese English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners' classroom emotions (anxiety, boredom and enjoyment) and their engagement within the context of English as a medium of instruction (EMI) in technology-based learning environments, four modified and validated questionnaires focusing on assessing emotions, engagement levels, and comfort with technology integration were administered to university EFL learners on the Chinese mainland. A structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis was employed to discern the direct and indirect influences of EFL emotions on engagement, considering the mediating effects of EMI and technology comfort. The results indicate that the indirect impact of emotions on learners' academic engagement through technology and EMI as mediators was significant at 95% confidence level. It means that 69% of changes in learners' academic engagement can be explained by interaction among learners' emotions and their technology and EMI perceptions. These results imply that both technology-enhanced learning and EMI serve as significant mediators in the relationship between emotions and academic engagement. The positive estimates suggest that higher levels of positive emotions may lead to increased academic engagement through these mediated pathways. Our findings may have implications for pedagogical practices, curriculum development, and the design of technology-enhanced language instruction.