PFAS soil contamination and remediation

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of emerging contaminants that have attracted much public, industry, regulatory, and research attention. They have been widely identified around the world with several main sources identified including utilization of AFFF (aqueous film forming foam), wastewater treatment plants, landfill sites, industrial sites, etc. However, exposure to PFAS extends to daily life activities, including through PFAS-contaminated water or food, or through utilization of commercial products. In past decades toxic effects have been identified in human health as well as in a wide range of ecological receptors. Various developmental, reproductive and physiobiological toxic effects have triggered guidance for decreasing levels of PFAS in contaminated sites. However, the risks associated with PFAS contamination need more thorough investigation on fate and behavior to allow for accurate exposure assessment. Currently, various remediation techniques are investigated, with the challenge to identify a single cost-effective method for contaminated soils. Synergetic effects from multiple techniques might be considered for future development.