Improvement of fame retardancy and thermal stability of epoxy composites by modifying salen-based polyphosphazene microspheres with Co-based metal organic frameworks

A functionalized cross-linked polyphosphazenes microsphere (Salen-PZN-Ni@Co-MOF) was fabricated by enveloping Salen-Ni-based polyphosphazenes (Salen-PZN-Ni) with a type of hybrid flame retardant (Co-MOF) to enhance the flame retardant, smoke suppression properties and mechanical properties of epoxy (EP) composites. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the incorporation of Salen-PZN-Ni@Co-MOF significantly enhanced the thermal stability of the EP composites. The existence of Salen-PZN-Ni@Co-MOF enhanced both the vertical burning rating and resulted in a higher limiting oxygen index. The addition of 5 wt% Salen-PZN-Ni@Co-MOF conspicuously improved the fire safety of EP, as evidenced by the results of the cone calorimeter. For instance, the peak heat release rate and total heat release rate of the EP composites were decreased by 25.3% and 44.97%, respectively. In addition, the incorporation of Salen-PZN-Ni@Co-MOF significantly inhibited the generation of toxic carbon monoxide and other volatile compounds. Furthermore, a synergistic effect between Salen-PZN-Ni and Co-MOF was observed. The proposed flame retardant mechanism of Salen-PZN-Ni@Co-MOF is attributed to the synergistic catalytic carbonization effect and the formation of thermally stable components. Consequently, enhanced fire safety in EP composites is achieved through the synergistic interaction among various components (nickel and Co-MOF) with polyphosphazene microspheres. Meanwhile, the excellent compatibility between Salen-PZN-Ni@Co-MOF and EP enhances the mechanical properties of EP composites.