Emerging therapeutic strategies for optic nerve regeneration

The optic nerve, comprising axons from retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), is a component of the central nervous system (CNS) that generally exhibits a limited regeneration capacity following injury in mature mammals, resulting in permanent vision loss. Here, we summarize recent advances in interventions targeting cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic mechanisms to enhance RGC axon regeneration. Additionally, we summarize strategies for guiding the reconnection of regenerating axons with brain visual targets, aiming to restore partial visual function. Given the advent of high-throughput screening techniques and multiomics analyses, we discuss how these emerging methodologies deepen our understanding of regenerative mechanisms and expedite the development of innovative therapeutic approaches. Lastly, we explore the translational potential of these strategies in achieving clinically meaningful vision recovery.