Application of Handheld Augmented Reality in Nursing Education

Background: Handheld augmented reality (HAR) offers a promising approach for nursing education, leveraging the affordability and portability of devices such as smartphones. However, its use in nursing education is still emerging, with many aspects yet to be fully explored. Purpose: To explore the application of HAR technology in nursing education. Methods: Thirteen databases were searched. The methodological framework of Arksey and O’Malley was adopted. Results: Forty-five studies were included in the review. Some studies applied theories to guide system development, implementation, and intervention process. Most studies focused on the availability, acceptance, learning experience, and effectiveness of HAR technology. However, despite its benefits, there were still technical, usability, and pedagogical challenges. Conclusions: HAR technology had been increasingly applied in nursing education, yielding positive outcomes. In the future, HAR can be developed and implemented within theoretical frameworks and guidelines, and combined with other technologies to better apply to nursing education.