Sex Differences in Lower Limb Proprioception and Mechanical Function Among Healthy Adults

Twenty-four healthy adults, including 12 females and 12 males, participated in the study. Each female participant completed three trials in three different phases of one menstrual cycle, which included follicular, ovulatory, and luteal phases. The study aimed to investigate whether there is any difference in joint kinetic sense, neuromuscular coordination, and isokinetic muscle strength (a) between healthy males and females at different phases of the menstrual cycle and (b) between females at different phases of the menstrual cycle. The outcome measures included the number of jumps in the square-hop test and ankle and knee proprioception, which were assessed by an electric-driven movable frame rotated at 0.4 deg/s and isokinetic muscle strength measured by a computerized dynamometer (Biodex). For the square-hop test ( p = .006), ankle dorsiflexion/plantar flexion ( p < .05), knee flexion/extension ( p < .05), the relative peak torque of the isokinetic muscle strength at the 60° and 180° knee flexion/extension ( p < .001), and the 30° and 120° ankle plantar flexion/dorsiflexion ( p < .05) between females and males showed significant differences. For the females at different phases of the menstrual cycle, significant differences were found on ankle dorsiflexion ( p = .003), plantar flexion ( p = .023), knee extension ( p = .029), the square-hop test ( p = .036), and relative peak torque of isokinetic muscle strength at 180° knee flexion ( p = .029). This study demonstrated that there are sex differences in lower limb proprioception and mechanical function. Females at ovulatory and luteal phases have better lower limb proprioception than at the follicular phase.