Light‐Controlled Growth Factors Release on Tetrapodal ZnO‐Incorporated 3D‐Printed Hydrogels for Developing Smart Wound Scaffold

Advanced wound scaffolds that integrate active substances to treat chronic wounds have gained significant recent attention. While wound scaffolds and advanced functionalities have previously been incorporated into one medical device, the wirelessly triggered release of active substances has remained the focus of many research endeavors. To combine multiple functions including light-triggered activation, anti-septic, angiogenic, and moisturizing properties, we have developed a 3D printed hydrogel patch encapsulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) decorated with photoactive and antibacterial tetrapodal zinc oxide (t-ZnO) microparticles. To achieve the smart release of VEGF, t-ZnO was modified by chemical treatment and activated through UV/visible light exposure. This process would also make the surface rough and improve protein adhesion. The elastic modulus and degradation behavior of the composite hydrogels, which must match the wound healing process, were adjusted by changing t-ZnO concentrations. The t-ZnO-laden composite hydrogels can be printed with any desired micropattern to potentially create a modular elution of various growth factors. The VEGF decorated t-ZnO-laden hydrogel patches showed low cytotoxicity and improved angiogenic properties while maintaining antibacterial functions in vitro. In vivo tests showed promising results for the printed wound patches, with less immunogenicity and enhanced wound healing.