The study of parameters of essential oil extraction from black pepper seed using microwave hydrodistillation by modeling

Abstract One of the natural ingredients often used in many products is an essential oil, for example, black pepper oil. It can act as an antioxidant, flavoring, and preservative food. An appropriate method is needed due to the rigid structure of the seed to extract this essential oil. Therefore, the black pepper oil has been extracted using microwave hydrodistillation. The experiment was conducted to get a model experiment of black pepper oil extraction using Box-Behnken design. The design parameters were microwave power, feed/solvent ratio, and extraction time. Besides, it also modeled the process phenomenon through kinetic modeling. The results showed that the obtained model could represent black pepper oil extraction using microwave hydrodistillation. It was confirmed by the value of R 2 = 0.9426, and R 2 adj = 0.8394. The model was also optimized and got the optimum condition at a microwave power of 300 W, feed/solvent ratio of 0.6 grEO/grLH, and extraction time of 240 min. In comparison, the kinetic model showed that the first-order model was better than the second-order model. The sample analysis of black pepper oil using GC-MS showed the major compounds of black pepper oil were dl-limonene, sabinene, trans-caryophyllene, and 3-carene.