New and Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Diagnostic Imaging Techniques in the Evaluation of Cranial Nerves and the Skull Base

The skull base and cranial nerves are technically challenging to evaluate using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, owing to a combination of anatomic complexity and artifacts. However, improvements in hardware, software and sequence development seek to address these challenges. This section will discuss cranial nerve imaging, with particular attention to the techniques, applications and limitations of MR neurography , diffusion tensor imaging and tractography . Advanced MR imaging techniques for skull base pathology will also be discussed, including diffusion-weighted imaging, perfusion and permeability imaging, with a particular focus on practical applications.