Identifying the trade-offs and synergies among land use functions and their influencing factors from a geospatial perspective: A case study in Hangzhou, China

Abstract Understanding the relationships among multiple land use functions (LUFs) and their influencing factors is conducive to optimizing land spatial patterns and promoting land use sustainability. However, the spatial variations and determinants of trade-offs/synergies among multiple LUFs have not been well studied. This paper proposed a multifaceted framework using multisource data to assess three main LUFs (production, living and ecology function) in Hangzhou city, China. Then, the trade-offs/synergies among multiple LUFs were identified by correlation analysis. The determinants of LUF trade-offs/synergies were then quantified using spatial regression models. The results showed that land production, living and ecology functions in Hangzhou city experienced notable spatiotemporal changes between 2000 and 2018. The trade-off state dominated the relationships among LUFs, and the areas with LUF trade-offs were concentrated mainly in the northeast plain and southwest valley of Hangzhou. Socioeconomic factors, especially land conversion, had the greatest impacts on the trade-offs/synergies among LUFs, followed by physical, location and transportation elements. This study provides a comprehensive and systematic investigation characterizing spatial variations and determinants of trade-offs/synergies among LUFs, and the results can help decision makers in integrating LUF trade-offs/synergies into territorial spatial planning and management.