Improving the performance of a membraneless and mediatorless glucose–air biofuel cell with a TiO2 nanotube photoanode

A new light-driven, membraneless and mediatorless glucose–air biofuel cell combining a TiO2 nanotube photoanode with an enzyme-modified biocathode has been successfully constructed. Upon UV light illumination, the open-circuit voltage and the maximum power density of the cell reach 1.00 V and 47 μW cm−2, respectively.