Ionic activation via a hybrid IL–SSE interfacial layer for Li–O2 batteries with 99.5% coulombic efficiency

A Li–O₂ battery with an in situ formed IL–SSE hybrid interfacial layer achieved 99.5% coulombic efficiency and a significantly improved capacity retention. The organic–inorganic hybrid layer exhibited ionic activation behavior through a dispersing redistribution and bridging process, revealing the beneficial interaction of IL and SSE in the cycling in safe IL–SSE-based Li–O₂ batteries.