Efficacy and Safety of Difelikefalin in Japanese Patients With Moderate to Severe Pruritus Receiving Hemodialysis

Importance

Patients with pruritus receiving hemodialysis frequently experience oppressive physical and psychiatric symptoms that directly affect their quality of life and increase mortality. However, treatment options are limited.

Objective

To determine the clinically recommended dose of difelikefalin, a κ-opioid receptor agonist, based on the efficacy, dose response, safety, and pharmacokinetics.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 4-arm phase 2 trial was conducted from February 1, 2019, to October 22, 2019, at 94 sites in Japan. Patients with moderate to severe pruritus receiving hemodialysis were enrolled.

Interventions

Difelikefalin (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 μg/kg) and placebo were intravenously administered 3 times a week at the end of each hemodialysis session for 8 weeks.

Main Outcome and Measures

The primary end point was the change from baseline in the weekly mean Worst Itching Intensity Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) score at week 8. Secondary outcomes measured changes in itch-related quality-of-life score using the Skindex-16 and 5-D itch scale. Safety was assessed according to adverse events, laboratory tests, vital signs, body weight, and 12-lead electrocardiogram.

Results

A total of 247 Japanese patients (186 male [75%]; mean [SD] age, 64.5 [11.7] years) were randomized to placebo (n = 63), 0.25 μg/kg of difelikefalin (n = 61), 0.5 μg/kg of difelikefalin (n = 61), or 1.0 μg/kg of difelikefalin (n = 62). The changes from baseline in the adjusted mean (SE) of the 24-hour Worst Itching Intensity NRS score at week 8 were −2.86 (0.29) in the placebo group, −2.97 (0.29) in the 0.25 μg/kg of difelikefalin group, −3.65 (0.30) in the 0.5 μg/kg of difelikefalin group, and −3.64 (0.30) in the 1.0 μg/kg of difelikefalin group. Significant differences were found in the 0.5 μg/kg of difelikefalin group (adjusted mean difference, −0.80; 95% CI, −1.55 to −0.04;P = .04) and the 1.0 μg/kg of difelikefalin group (adjusted mean difference, −0.78; 95% CI, −1.54 to −0.03;P = .04) compared with placebo. The Skindex-16 overall score and 5-D itch scale total score indicated an improvement with treatment with 0.5 and 1.0 μg/kg of difelikefalin (adjusted weekly mean [SE] Skindex-16 overall score at week 8, −27.79 [2.05]; 95% CI, −31.83 to −23.74 for 0.5 μg/kg of difelikefalin and −22.69 [2.04]; 95% CI, −26.71 to −18.68 for 1.0 μg/kg of difelikefalin; adjusted weekly mean [SE] 5-D itch scale total score at week 8, −6.5 [0.4]; 95% CI, −7.2 to −5.8 for 0.5 μg/kg of difelikefalin and −6.8 [0.3]; 95% CI, −7.5 to −6.2 for 1.0 μg/kg of difelikefalin). The incidence of adverse events was 67% (42 of 63 patients) in the placebo group, 72% (44 of 61 patients) in the 0.25 μg/kg of difelikefalin group, 77% (47 of 61 patients) in the 0.5 μg/kg of difelikefalin group, and 85% (53 of 62 patients) in the 1.0 μg/kg of difelikefalin group. No dependency was reported.

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings of this phase 2 randomized clinical trial of difelikefalin suggest that 0.5 μg/kg of difelikefalin should be the clinically recommended dose as a new option for treating moderate to severe pruritus in patients undergoing hemodialysis because of its efficacy, acceptable tolerability, and manageable safety profile.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT03802617