Osteoarthritis and Beyond: A Consensus on the Past, Present, and Future of Hyaluronans in Orthopedics

REVIEWOsteoarthritis and Beyond: A Consensus on the Past, Present, and Future of Hyaluronans in Orthopedics Michael A Kelly, MD, , , MD Victor M Goldberg, MD, , , MD William L Healy, MD, , , MD Mark W Pagnano, MD, , and , MD Max I Hamburger, MD, , MD Michael A Kelly, MD , Victor M Goldberg, MD , William L Healy, MD , Mark W Pagnano, MD , and Max I Hamburger, MD Orthopedics, 2013;26(10):1064–1079Published Online:October 01, 2003https://doi.org/10.3928/0147-7447-20031001-19Cited by:25PDFView Full Text ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMore1 . Balazs EA. Denlinger JL. Viscosupplemeniation: a new concept in the treatment of osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol. 1993; 20:3-9. Google Scholar2. Fraser JRE. Laurent TC. Laurent UBG. Hyaluronan: its nature, distribution, functions and turnover. J Intern Med. 1997: 242:27-33. Google Scholar3. Ghosh P. The role of hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan) in health and disease: interactions with cells, cartilage and components of synovial fluid. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1994: 12:75-82. Google Scholar4. Toole BP. Hyaluronan and its binding proteins, the hyaladherins. Curr Opm Cell Biol. 1990; 2:839-844. Google Scholar5. Hardingham TB. Cartilage: AggrecanLink Protein-Hyaluronan Aggregates. Available at: Glycoforum: http://www.glycoforum.gr.jp/science/hyaluronan/HA05/HA05E.html. Accessed May 19, 2002. Google Scholar6. Peyron JG. A new approach to the treatment of osteoarthritis: viscosupplementation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1993; 1:85-87. Google Scholar7. Asheim A, Lindblad G. Intra-articular treatment of arthritis in race-horses with sodium hyaluronate. Acta Vet Scand. 1976; 17:379-394. Google Scholar8. Hyalgan (sodium hyaluronate) prescribing information. New York. NY: Sanofi-Synthelabo lnc: 2001. Google Scholar9. Supartz (sodium hyaluronate) prescribing information. Tokyo, Japan: Seikagaku Corp: 2001. Google Scholar10. Synvisc (hylan G-F 20) prescribing information. Madison, NJ: Wyeth Pharmaceuticals; 2(XX). Google Scholar11. Aviad AD. Houpt JB. The molecular weigh! of therapeutic hyaluronan (sodium hyaluronate): how significant is it? J Rheumatol. 1994;21:297-301. Google Scholar12. Asari A, Miyauchi S, Matsuzaka S. Ito T, Kominami E. Uchiyama Y. Molecular weightdependent effects of hyaluronate on the arthritic synovium. Arch Histol Cytol. 1998; 61 : 125-135. Google Scholar13. Smith MM, Ghosh P. The synthesis of hyaluronic acid by human synovial fibroblasts is influenced by the nature of the hyaluronate in the extracellular environment. Rheumatol int. 1987; 7:113-122. Google Scholar14. Brandt KD. The effect of synovial hyaluronate on the ingestion of monosodium urate crystals by leukocytes. Clin Chim Acta. 1974: 55:307-315. Google Scholar15. Forrester JV. Balazs EA. Inhibition of phagocytosis by high molecular weight hyaluronate. immunology. 1980;40:435-446. Google Scholar16. Forrester JV, Lackie JM. Effect of hyaluronic acid on neutrophil adhesion. J Cell Sci. 1981:50:329-344. Google Scholar17. Forrester JV, Wilkinson PC. Inhibition of leukocyte locomotion by hyaluronic acid. J Cell Sci. 1981;48:315-331. Google Scholar18. Tamoto K, Tada M. Shimada S. Nochi H. Mori Y. Effects of high-molecular-weigbt hyaluronates on the functions of guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1993; 22(6 Suppl l):4-8. Google Scholar19. Ohkawara Y, Tamura G, Iwasaki T, Tanaka A, Kikuchi T, Sturato K. Activation and transforming growth factor-beta production in eosinophils by hyaluronan. Am J Respir Cell MoI Biol. 2000;23:444-451. Google Scholar20. Punzi L, Schiavon F, Cavasin F. Ramonda R. Gambari PF. Todesco S. The influence of intraarticular hyaluronic acid on PGE2 and cAMP of synovial fluid. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1989; 7:247250. Google Scholar21. Yasui T. Akatsuka M. Tobetto K. Hayaishi M. Ando T. The effect of hyaluronan on interleukin-1 alpha-induced prostaglandin E2 production in human osteoarthritic synovial cells. Agents Actions. 1992: 37:155-156. Google Scholar22. Tobetto K. Yasui T. Ando T, et al. Inhibitory effects of hyaluronan on [14C]arachidonic acid release from labeled human synovial fibroblasts. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1992; 60:79-84. Google Scholar23. Gotoh S, Miyazaki K, Onaya J. Sakamoto T. Tokuyasu K, Namiki O. Experimental knee pain model in rats and analgesic effects of sodium hyaluronate (SPH) [Japanese]. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 1988:92:17-27. Google Scholar24. Jubb RW. Piva S. Beinat L. Dacre J. Gishen P. A one-year, randomized, placebo (saline) controlled clinical trial of 500-730 kda sodium hyaluronate (Hyalgan) on the radiological change in osteoarthritis of the knee. IntJClin Pract. 2003: 57:467-474. Google Scholar25. Listrat V. Ayral X, Patarnello F, et al. Arthroscopic evaluation of potential structure modifying activity of hyaluronan (Hyalgan) in osteoarthritis of the knee. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1997:5:153-160. Google Scholar26. Carrabba M, Paresce E. Angelini M, Re KA. Torchiaa EEM. Perbellmi A. The safety and efficacy of different dose schedules of hyaluronic acid in the treatment of painful osteoarthritis of the knee with joint effusion. Eur J Rheumatol inflamm. 1995; 15:25-31. Google Scholar27. Bragantini A, Cassini M, De Bastiani G, Perbellini A. Controlled single-blind trial of intraarticularly injected hyaluronic acid (Hyalgan) in osteoarthritis of the knee. Clin Trials J. 1987; 24:333-340. Google Scholar28. Grecomoro G. Martorana U. Di Marco C. Intra-articular treatment with sodium hyaluronate in gonarthrosis: a controlled clinical trial versus placebo. Pharmatherapeutica. 1987; 5:137-141. Google Scholar29. Leardini G, Franceschini M, Mattara L, Bruno R, Perbellini A. Intra-articular sodium hyaluronate (Hyalgan) in gonarthrosis. Clin Trials J. 1987:24:341-350. Google Scholar30. Leardini G, Mattara L, Franceschini M, Perbellini A. Intra-articular treatment of knee osteoarthritis. A comparative study between hyaluronic acid and 6-methyl prednisolone acetóte. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1991; 9:375-381. Google Scholar31. Dougados M. Nguyen M, Listrat V, Amor B. High molecular weight sodium hyaluronate (hyalectin) in osteoarthritis of the knee: a 1 year placebo-controlled trial. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1993; 1:97-103. Google Scholar32. Bunyaratavej N. Chan KM, Subramanian N. Treatment of painful osteoarthritis of the knee with hyaluronic acid. Results of a multicenter Asian study. J Med Assoc Tltai. 2001; 84(Suppl 2):S576-S58I. Google Scholar33. Huskisson EC. Donnelly S. Hyaluronic acid in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Rheumatology (Oxford). 1999; 38:602-607. Google Scholar34. Henderson EB, Smith EC. Pegley F. Blake DR. Intra-articular injections of 750 kD hyaluronan in the treatment of osteoarthritis: a randomised single centre double-blind placebo-controlled trial of 91 patients demonstrating lack of efficacy. Ann Rheum Dis. 1994: 53:529-534. Google Scholar35. Altman RD, Moskowitz R. Intraarticular sodium hyaluronate (Hyalgan) in the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized clinical trial. Hyalgan Study Group. J Rheumatol. 1998; 25:2203-2212. Google Scholar36. Pietrogrande V, Melanotic PL, D" Angnolo B, et al. Hyaluronic acid versus methylprednisolone imra-articularly injected for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Curr Ther Res. 1991: 50:691-701. Google Scholar37. Jones AC. Patrick M. Doherty S, Doherty M. Intra-articular hyaluronic acid compared to intra-articular triamcinolone hexacetonide in inflammatory knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1995; 3:269-273. Google Scholar38. Dixon AS, Jacoby RK. Berry H. Hamilton EB. Clinical trial of intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate in patients witn osteoarthritis of the knee. Curr Med Res Opin. 1988; 1 1:205213. Google Scholar39. Barrett J?, Siviero P. Retrospective study of outcomes in Hyalgan-treated patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Clin Drug invest. 2002; 22:87-97. Google Scholar40. Kotz R, Kolarz G. Intra-articular hyaluronic acid: duration of effect and results of repeated treatment cycles. Am J Orthop. 1999; 28(Suppl M):5-7. Google Scholar41. Scali JJ. Intra-articular hyaluronic acid in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: a long term study. Eur J Rheumatol Inflamm. 1995; 15:57-62. Google Scholar42. Wobig M. Dickhut A. Maier R, Vetter G. Viscosupplementation with hylan G-F 20: a 26week controlled trial of efficacy and safety in the osteoarthritic knee. Clin Ther. 1998; 20:410-423. Google Scholar43. Scale D. Wobig M. Wolpert W. Viscosupplementation of osteoarthritic knees with hylan: a treatment schedule study. Curr Ther Res. 1994; 65:220-232. Google Scholar44. Wobig M, Bach G. Beks P, et al. The role of elastoviscosity in the efficacy of viscosupplementation for osteoarthritis of the knee: a comparison of hylan G-F 20 and a lower-molecular-weight hyaluronan. Clin Ther. 1999: 21:1549-1562. Google Scholar45. Adams ME, Atkinson MH, Lussier AJ, et al. The role of viscosupplementation with hylan G-F 20 (Synvisc) in the treatment of osteoarthritis of die knee: a Canadian multicenter trial comparing hylan G-F 20 alone, hylan G-F 20 with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAiDs) and NSAIDs alone. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1995; 3:213-225. Google Scholar46. Synvisc (hylan G-F 20) Premarket Approval application: summary of safety and effectiveness data. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/pdf/p940015.pdf. Accessed May I, 2002. Google Scholar47. AUard S, O'Regan M. The role of elastoviscosity in the efficacy of viscosupplementation for osteoarthritis of the knee: a comparison of hylan G-F 20 and a lower-molecular-weight hyaluronan. Clin Ther. 2000; 22:792-795. Google Scholar48. Dickson DJ, Hosie G, English JR. A double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of hylan G-F 20 against diclofenac in knee osteoarthritis. J Clin Res. 2001: 4:41-52. Google Scholar49. Waddell D, Rein A, Panarites C. Coleman PM, Weiss C. Cost implications of introducing an alternative treatment for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee in a managed care setting. Am J Manag Care. 200 1 ; 7:98 1 -99 1 . Google Scholar50. Puhl W, Bernau A, Greiling H, et al. Intraarticular sodium hyaluronate in osteoarthritis of the knee: a multicenter, double-blind study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1993: 1:233-241. Google Scholar51. Wu JJ. SMh LY. Hsu HC. Chen TH. The double-blind test of sodium hyaluronate (ARTZ) on osteoarthritis knee. Chin Med J. 1997; 59:99-106. Google Scholar52. Lohmander LS, Dalen N, Englund G, et al. Intra-articular hyaluronan injections in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled multicenter trial. Hyaluronan Multicentre Trial Group. Ann Rheum Dis. 1996; 55:424-431. Google Scholar53. Dahlberg L, Lohmander LS, Ry d L. Intraarticular injections of hyaluronan in patients with cartilage abnormalities and knee pain. A oneyear double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 1994; 37:521-528. Google Scholar54. Adams ME, Lussier AJ, Peyron JG. A riskbenefit assessment of injections of hyaluronan and its derivatives in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. DrMj? Safety. 2000; 23: 1 15-130. Google Scholar55. Namiki O, Tbyosbima H, Morisaki N. Therapeutic effect of intra-articular injection of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid on osteoarthritis of the knee. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1982:20:501-507. Google Scholar56. Pullman-Mooar S, Mooar P, Sieck M, Clayburne G, Schumacher HR. Are there distinctive inflammatory flares after hylan GF-20 intraarticular injections? J Rheumatol. 2002; 29:2611-2614. Google Scholar57. Putttck MP, Wade JP, Chalmers A. Connell DG, Rangno KK. Acute local reactions after intraarticular hylan for osteoarthritis of the knee. J Rheumatol. 1 995; 22: 1 3 1 1 - 1 3 14. Google Scholar58. Allen E. Krohn K. Adverse reaction to hylan GF-20. J Rheumatol. 2000: 27: 1572. Google Scholar59. Martens PB. Bilateral symmetric inflammatory reaction to hylan G-F 20 injection. Arthritis Rheum. 2001: 44:978-979. Google Scholar60. Rees JD, Wojtulewski JA. Systemic reaction to viscosupplementation for knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatology. 200): 40:1425-1426. Google Scholar61. Bernardeau C, Bucki B, Liote F. Acute arthritis after intra-articular hyaluronate injection: onset of effusions without crystal. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001 : 60:518-520. Google Scholar62. Oswald A, Gachler A. Acute local reaction after intra-articular injection of Hyalan G-F 20 (Synvisc) for treatment of gonarthrosis onset [German]. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax. 2000: 89:1929-1931. Google Scholar63. Luzar MJ, Altawil B. Pseudogout following intraarticular injection of sodium hyaluronate. Arthritis Rheum. 1998; 41:939-940. Google Scholar64. Disia E, Infante R, Fahmy A, Karten I, Cuppari GG. Recurrent acute calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate arthritis following intraarticular hyaluronate injection. Arthritis Rheum. 1999: 42:1302-1303. Google Scholar65. Ali Y, Weinstein M. Jokl P. Acute pseudogout following intra-articular injection of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid. Am J Med. 1999; 107:641-642. Google Scholar66. Kroesen S. Schmid W. Theiler R. Induction of an acute attack of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate arthritis by intra-articular injection of hylan G-F 20 (Synvisc). Clin Rheumatol. 2000; 19:147-149. Google Scholar67. Moskowitz RW, Davis W, Sammarco J, Mast W, Chase SW. Experimentally induced corticosteroid arthropathy. Arthritis Rheum. 1970; 13:236-243. Google Scholar68. Lutfi AM. Kosel K. Effects of intra-articularly administered corticosteroids and salicylates on the surface structure of articular cartilage. J Anat. 1978: 127:393-402. Google Scholar69. Mankin HJ. Conger KA. The effect of Cortisol on articular cartilage of rabbits, I: effect of a single dose of Cortisol on glycine-C-14 incorporation. Lab Invest. 1966; 15:794-800. Google Scholar70. Behrens F, Shepard N. Mitchell N. Metabolic recovery of articular cartilage after intra-articular injections of glucocorticoid. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1 976; 58: 1 157- 1 1 60. Google Scholar71. Frizziero L, Govoni E. Bacchini P. Intraarticular hyaluronic acid in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: clinical and morphological study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1998; 16:441-449. Google Scholar72. Guidolin DD, Ronchetti IP. Lini E, Guerra D, Frizziero L. Morphological analysis of articular cartilage biopsies from a randomized, clinical study comparing the effects of 500-730 kDa sodium hyaluronate (Hyalgan) and methylprednisolone acetate on primary osteoarthritis of the knee. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2001; 9:371-381. Google Scholar73. Jubb RW. Piva S, Beinat L, Dacre J. Gishen P. for the UK Hyalgan Study Group. Clinical trial to examine the effect of HA on articular cartilage through changes in radiological joint space. Presented at: Annual European Congress of Rheumatology European League Against Rheumatology: June 13-16. 2001; Prague, Czech Republic. Google Scholar74. Kikuchi T. Yamada H. Shimmei M. Effect of high molecular weight hyaluronan on cartilage degeneration in a rabbit model of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1996; 4:99-1 10. Google Scholar75. Marshall KW1 Manolopoulos V, Mancer K, Staples J. Damyanovich A. Amelioration of disease severity by intraarticular hylan therapy in bilateral canine osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res. 2000: 18:416-425. Google Scholar76. Shimizu C, Yoshioka M. Coutts RD, et al. Long-term effects of hyaluronan on experimental osteoarthritis in the rabbit knee. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1998;6:1-9. Google Scholar77. Bertolami CN. Gay T, Clark GT. et al. Use of sodium hyaluronate in treating temporomandibular joint disorders: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1993; 51:232-242. Google Scholar78. Sato S. Sakamoto N. Kawamura H. Motegi K. Disc position and morphology in patients with nonreducing disc displacement treated by injection of sodium hyaluronate. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999; 28:253-257. Google Scholar79. Leardini G. Perbellini A. Franceschini M. Mattara L. Intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid in the treatment of painful shoulder. Clin Ther. 1988; 10:521-526. Google Scholar80. Itokazu M, Matsunaga T. Clinical evaluation of high-molecular-weight sodium hyaluronate for the treatment of patients with periarthritis of the shoulder. Clin Ther. 1995: 17:946-955. Google Scholar81. Bragantini A, Molinaroli F. A pilot clinical evaluation of die treatment of hip osteoarthritis wiüi hyaluronic acid. Curr Ther Res. 1994; 55:319-330. Google Scholar82. Mohamed Y, Schumacher HR. Can joints other than knees be successfully treated with intraarticular hyaluronate? International League of Associations for Rheumatology; August 26-30. 2001; Edmonton, Canada. Abstract M 17. Google Scholar83. Goto M. Hanyu T. Yoshio T. et al. Intraarticular injection of hyaluronate (SI-6601D) improves joint pain and synovial fluid prostaglandin E2 levels in rheumatoid arthritis: a multicenter clinical trial. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 200 1 : 19:377-383. Google Scholar84. Moller 1, Marti N. Chrondroprotection: a wider concept? Preliminary clinical experience with hyaluronic acid (Hyalgan) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1999;7:S34. Google Scholar85. Srejic U. Calvillo O. Kabakibou K. Viscosupplementation: a new concept in the treatment of sacroiliac joint syndrome: a preliminary report of four cases. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 1999: 24:84-88. Google Scholar86. Prestwich GD, Marecak DM, Marecek JF. Vercruysse KP. Ziebell MR. Controlled chemical modification of hyaluronic acid: synthesis, applications, and biodégradation of hydrazide derivatives. J Control Release. 1998; 53:93-103. Google Scholar87. Gutowska A, Jeong B, Jasionowski M. Injectable gels for tissue engineering. Anat Ree. 2001:263:342-349. Google Scholar88. Collier JH, Camp JP. Hudson TW, Schmidt CE. Synthesis and characterization of polypyrrole-hyaluronic acid composite biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. J Biomed Mater Res. 2000: 50:574-584. Google Scholar89. Vercruysse KP, Prestwich GD. Hyaluronate derivatives in drug delivery. Cri/ Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 1998; 15:513-555. Google Scholar90. Solchaga LA, Dennis JE. Goldberg VM. Caplan Al. Hyaluronic acid-based polymers as cell carriers for tissue-engineered repair of bone and cartilage. J Orthop Res. 1999; 17:205-213. Google Scholar91. Solchaga LA, Yoo JU. Lundberg M. et al. Hyaluronan-based polymers in the treatment of osteochondral defects. J Orthop Res. 2000; 18:773-780. Google Scholar92. Weigel PH. Fuller GM. LeBouef RD. A model for the role of hyaluronic acid and fibrin in the early events during the inflammatory response and wound healing. J TheorBiol. 1986; 119:219-234. Google Scholar93. Yoneda M. Shimizu S. Nishi Y, Yamagata M, Suzuki S. Kimata K. Hyaluronic acid dependent change in the extracellular matrix of mouse dermal fibroblasts that is conducive to cell proliferation. J Cell Science. 1988: 90:275-286. Google Scholar94. Campoccia D. Hunt JA. Doherty PJ, et al. Human neutrophil chemokinesis and polarization induced by hyaluronic acid derivatives. Biomaterials. 1993; 14:1135-1139. Google Scholar95. Docherty R. Forrester JV, Lackie JM. Gregory DW. Glycosaminoglycans facilitate the movement of fibroblasts through three-dimensional collagen matrices. J Cell Science. 1989; 92:263-270. Google Scholar96. Partsch G. Schwarzer C, Neumiiller J, et al. Modulation of the migration and Chemotaxis of PMN cells by hyaluronic acid. Z Rheumatol. 1989:48:123-128. Google Scholar97. King SR. Hickerson WL, Proctor KG. Beneficial actions of exogenous hyaluronic acid on wound healing. Surgery. 1991: 109:76-84. Google Scholar98. Moriarty KP. Crombleholme TM, Gallivan EK, O'Donnell C. Hyaluronic acid-dependent pericellular matrices in fetal fibroblasts: implication for scar-free wound repair. Wound Repair Regeneration. 1996:4:346-352. Google Scholar99. Adzick NS. Longaker MT. Scarless wound healing in the fetus: the role of the extracellular matrix. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1991; 365:177-192. Google Scholar100. Longaker MT. Adzick N. The biology and therapeutic implications of fetal wound healing: a review. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1991: 8:223-227. Google Scholar101. Longaker MT. Chiù ES, Adzick NS, et al. Studies in fetal wound healing. V. A prolonged presence of hyaluronic acid characterizes fetal wound fluid. Ann Surg. 1991; 213:292-296. Google Scholar102. Iocono JA. Ehrlich HP, Keefer KA. Krummel TM. Hyaluronan induces scarless repair in mouse limb organ culture. J PediatrSurg. 1998; 33:564-567. Google Scholar103. DePalma RL. Krummel TM. Nelson JM, et al. Fetal wound matrix is composed of proteoglycan rather than collagen. Surg Forum. 1987; 38:626-628. Google Scholar104. Diamond MP. Reduction of adhesions after uterine myomectomy by Seprafilm membrane (HAL-F): a blinded, prospective, randomized, multicenter clinical study. Fértil Steril. 1996; 66:904-910. Google Scholar105. Grainger DA, Meyer WR. DeCherney AH, Diamond MP. The use of hyaluronic acid polymers to reduce postoperative adhesions. J Gynecol Surg. 1 99 1 : 7:97- 101. Google Scholar106. Shushan A, Mor- Yosef S, Avgar A, Laufer N. Hyaluronic acid for preventing experimental postoperative intraperitoneal adhesions. J Reprod Med. 1994; 39:398-402. Google Scholar107. Becker JM. Dayton MT. Fazio VW. et al. Prevention of postoperative abdominal adhesions by a sodium hyaluronate-based bioresorbable membrane: a prospective, randomized, doubleblind multicenter study. J Am Coll Surg. 1996: 183:297-306. Google Scholar108. Hagberg L. Gerdin B. Sodium hyaluronate as an adjunct in adhesion prevention after flexor tendon surgery in rabbits. J Hand Surg Am. 1 992: 17:935-941. Google Scholar109. Miller JA. Ferguson RL. Powers DL. Burns JW, Shalaby SW. Efficacy of hyaluronic acid/nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug systems in preventing postsurgical tendon adhesions. Appi Biomater. 1997; 38:25-33. Google Scholar110. Mitchell JD. Lee R. Hodakowski GT, et al. Prevention of postoperative pericardial adhesions with a hyaluronic acid coating solution. Experimental safety and efficacy studies. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1994; 107:1481-1488. Google Scholar111. Seeger JM. Kaelin LD. Staples EM. et al. Prevention of postoperative pericardial adhesions using tissue-protective solutions. J Surg Res. 1997:68:63-66. Google Scholar112. Mitchell JD, Lee R, Neya K. Vlahakes GJ. Reduction in experimental pericardial adhesions using a hyaluronic acid bioabsorbable membrane. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1 994; 8: 149- 152. Google Scholar113. American College of Rheumatology Subcommittee on Osteoarthritis Guidelines. Recommendations for the medical management of osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. Arthritis Rheum. 2000; 43:1905-1915. Google Scholar114. Kellgren JH. Lawrence JS. Radiological assessment of osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1957; 16:494-502. Cited by: Reginster JY, Deroisy R, Rovati LC, et al. Long-term effects of glucosamine sulphate on osteoarthritis progression: a randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lancet. 2001; 357:247-248. Google Scholar115. Lussier A, Cividino AA, McFarlane CA, et al. Viscosupplementation with hylan for the treatment of osteoarthritis: findings from clinical practice in Canada. J Rheumatol. 19%: 23:1579-1585. Google Scholar116. Ohshima Y, Azuma H, Namiki O, et al. Intra-articular injection therapy of high molecular weight sodium hyaluronate (SPH) on osteoarthritis of the knee joint. Phase II clinical study. Jpn Pharmacol Ther. 1983; 11:2253-2267. Google Scholar117. Sieliwonczyk P, Mazurkiewicz S, Ostojski R, Kusiak A. Evaluation of the value of intraarticular Hyalgan injections for treatment of knee joint osteoarthritis [Polish). Chir Narzadow Ruchu Ortop Pol. 1997: 62:337-342. Google Scholar Previous article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited by Guermech I, Lassoued M, Abdelhamid A and Sfar S (2019) Development and Assessment of Lipidic Nanoemulsions Containing Sodium Hyaluronate and Indomethacin, AAPS PharmSciTech, 10.1208/s12249-019-1543-4, 20:8, Online publication date: 1-Nov-2019. Koiri S, Yang Y and Kui H (2018) Hyaluronic Acid in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: Review, Yangtze Medicine, 10.4236/ym.2018.22007, 02:02, (62-72), . García-Padilla S, Duarte-Vázquez M, Gonzalez-Romero K, Caamaño M and Rosado J (2015) Effectiveness of intra-articular injections of sodium bicarbonate and calcium gluconate in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized double-blind clinical trial, BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 10.1186/s12891-015-0568-4, 16:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2015. Chareancholvanich K, Pornrattanamaneewong C and Narkbunnam R (2013) Increased cartilage volume after injection of hyaluronic acid in osteoarthritis knee patients who underwent high tibial osteotomy, Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 10.1007/s00167-013-2735-1, 22:6, (1415-1423), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2014. Ombregt L (2013) Principles of treatment A System of Orthopaedic Medicine, 10.1016/B978-0-7020-3145-8.00005-3, (83-115.e5), . (2013) O Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2013, 10.1016/B978-0-323-08373-7.00024-8, (750-783), . Stitik T, Kim J, Gazzillo G and Lee C (2011) Viscosupplementation Injection Procedures, 10.1007/978-0-387-76595-2_3, (67-89), . Benke M and Shaffer B (2009) Viscosupplementation treatment of arthritis pain, Current Pain and Headache Reports, 10.1007/s11916-009-0072-3, 13:6, (440-446), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2009. Ursini F and Pipicelli G (2009) Nutritional Supplementation for Osteoarthritis, Alternative and Complementary Therapies, 10.1089/act.2009.15404, 15:4, (173-177), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2009. Sun S, Chou Y, Hsu C and Chen W (2009) Hyaluronic acid as a treatment for ankle osteoarthritis, Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine, 10.1007/s12178-009-9048-5, 2:2, (78-82), Online publication date: 1-Jun-2009. Musnick D (2009) Osteoarthritis Food and Nutrients in Disease Management, 10.1201/9781420067637.ch33, Online publication date: 2-Feb-2009. Semih T, Bilgen O, Cemile E and Fatma E (2009) Herpes Zoster Development After Intraarticular Sodium Hyaluronate Injection, Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain, 10.1080/10582450802679797, 17:1, (86-89), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2009. Mercier L (2008) The Arthritides Practical Orthopedics, 10.1016/B978-0-323-03618-4.10014-X, (289-309), . Stitik T, Blacksin M, Stiskal D, Kim J, Foye P, Schoenherr L, Choi E, Chen B, Saunders H and Nadler S (2007) Efficacy and Safety of Hyaluronan Treatment in Combination Therapy With Home Exercise for Knee Osteoarthritis Pain, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 10.1016/j.apmr.2006.11.006, 88:2, (135-141), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2007. (2007) O Geriatric Clinical Advisor, 10.1016/B978-032304195-9.50015-8, (139-149), . Stitik T and Levy J (2006) Viscosupplementation (Biosupplementation) for Osteoarthritis, American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 10.1097/01.phm.0000245677.20294.c2, 85:Supplement, (S32-S50), Online publication date: 1-Nov-2006. Bellamy N, Campbell J, Welch V, Gee T, Bourne R and Wells G (2006) Viscosupplementation for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10.1002/14651858.CD005321.pub2, 2014:11 Musnick D and Mischley L (2006) Osteoarthritis Scientific Evidence for Musculoskeletal, Bariatric, and Sports Nutrition, 10.1201/9781420019322.ch21, (391-406), Online publication date: 26-Jan-2006. Pagnano M and Westrich G (2005) Successful nonoperative management of chronic osteoarthritis pain of the knee: safety and efficacy of retreatment with intra-articular hyaluronans, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 10.1016/j.joca.2005.04.012, 13:9, (751-761), Online publication date: 1-Sep-2005. Williams J, Stokes J, MacDonald M and Benton H Evaluation of hyaluronidase activity in equine and bovine sera and equine synovial fluid samples by use of enzyme zymography, American Journal of Veterinary Research, 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.984, 66:6, (984-990) Brown M and Jones S (2005) Hyaluronic acid: a unique topical vehicle for the localized delivery of drugs to the skin, Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2004.01180.x, 19:3, (308-318), Online publication date: 1-May-2005. Bellamy N, Campbell J, Robinson V, Gee T, Bourne R, Wells G and Bellamy N (2005) Viscosupplementation for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10.1002/14651858.CD005321 ??gerup B, Berg P and ??kermark C (2005) Non-Animal Stabilized Hyaluronic Acid, BioDrugs, 10.2165/00063030-200519010-00003, 19:1, (23-30), . Axe M and Shields C (2005) Potential Applications of Hyaluronans in Orthopaedics, Sports Medicine, 10.2165/00007256-200535100-00003, 35:10, (853-864), . Liao Y, Jones S, Forbes B, Martin G and Brown M (2008) Hyaluronan: Pharmaceutical Characterization and Drug Delivery, Drug Delivery, 10.1080/10717540590952555, 12:6, (327-342), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2005. Request Permissions InformationCopyright 2013, SLACK IncorporatedPDF download