The hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulate reproduction and are involved in the development of polycystic ovary syndrome

Background Polycystic ovary syndrome is a complex condition with unclear mechanisms, posing a challenge for prevention and treatment of PCOS. The role of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in regulating female reproduction is critical. Abnormalities in the hypothalamus and pituitary can impair reproductive function. It is important to study hypothalamic and pituitary changes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Summary This article reviews articles on the hypothalamus and polycystic ovary syndrome with the goal of summarizing what abnormalities of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis are present in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and to clarify the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome. We find that the mechanisms by which the hypothalamus and pituitary regulate reproduction in girls are complex and are associated with altered sex hormone levels, obesity and insulin resistance. Different animal models of polycystic ovary syndrome are characterized by different alterations in the hypothalamus and pituitary, and respond differently to different treatments, which correspond to the complex pathogenesis of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Key Messages ARC is associated with luteinizing hormone (LH) surges SCN, ARC and RP3V are associated with LH surges Animal models of PCOS have different characteristics