A Three-Dimensional Valve-on-Chip Microphysiological System Implicates Cell Cycle Progression, Cholesterol Metabolism and Protein Homeostasis in Early Calcific Aortic Valve Disease Progression

Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is one of the most common forms of valvulopathy, with a 50% elevated risk of a fatal cardiovascular event, and greater than 15,000 annual deaths in North America alone. The treatment standard is valve replacement as early diagnostic, mitigation, and drug strategies remain underdeveloped. The development of early diagnostic and therapeutic strategies requires the fabrication of effective in vitro valve mimetic models to elucidate early CAVD mechanisms.