Local vascular Klotho mediates diabetes-induced atherosclerosis via ERK1/2 and PI3-kinase-dependent signaling pathways

Diabetes is one of the major causes of cardiovascular disease (CVD). As high as 29 % of patients with diabetes develop atherosclerosis. Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMCs) are a key mediator in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, generating pro-inflammatory and proliferative characteristics in atherosclerotic lesions.